With the exceptional conditions enabled by this technology we envision a whole scope of new physical phenomena, including: the possibility of laser self-focus in the vacuum, neutron manipulation by the beat of such lasers, zeptosecond spectroscopy of nuclei, etc. High-energy gamma rays can also be efficiently emitted with a bril- liance many orders of magnitude above the brightest X-ray sources by this accelerating process, from both the betatron radiation as well as the dominant radiative-damping dynamics. Such high energy proton (and ion) beams can induce copious neutrons, which can also give rise to intense compact muon beams and neutrino beams that may be portable. These processes are not limited to only electron acceleration, and if ions are pre-accelerated to beyond GeV they are capable of being further accelerated using a LWFA scheme to similar energies as electrons over the same distance-scales. (If the X-rays are focused further, much higher energies beyond this are possible).
If the X-ray field is limited by the Schwinger field at the focal size of ∼100 nm, the achievable energy is 1 PeV over 50 m. Such X-rays are focusable far beyond the diffraction limit of the original laser wavelength and when injected into a crystal it forms a metallic-density electron plasma ideally suited for laser wakefield acceleration. We suggest utilizing these coherent X-rays to drive the acceleration of particles. With this fs intense laser we can produce a coherent X-ray pulse that is also compressed, well into the hard X-ray regime (∼10 keV) and with a power up to as much as 10 Exawatts. With newly available compact laser technology we are capable of producing 100 PW-class laser pulses with a single-cycle duration on the femtosecond timescale.
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